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From pre-historic to modern times, Indian astronomy continues to play an integral role. Some of the earliest roots of Indian astronomy can be dated to the period of Indus Valley Civilization or earlier.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Astronomy in the Indus Valley Civilization A Survey of the Problems and Possibilities of the Ancient Indian Astronomy and Cosmology in the Light of Indus Script Decipherment by the Finnish Scholars - Ashfaque - 2007 - Centaurus - Wiley Online Library )〕 Afterwards the astronomy developed as a discipline of Vedanga or one of the "auxiliary disciplines" associated with the study of the Vedas,〔Sarma (2008), ''Astronomy in India''〕 dating 1500 BCE or older.〔By Colin Spencer, The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism - Page 69〕 The oldest known text is the Vedanga Jyotisha, dated to 1400–1200 BCE (with the extant form possibly from 700–600 BCE). As with other traditions, the original application of astronomy was thus religious. Indian astronomy was influenced by Greek astronomy beginning in the 4th century BCE〔Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B: As presented at the XXIIIrd General Assembly of the IAU, 1997. Johannes Andersen Springer, 31 January 1999 – Science – 616 pages. page 721 ()〕〔Babylon to Voyager and Beyond: A History of Planetary Astronomy. David Leverington. Cambridge University Press, 29 May 2003 – Science – 568 pages. page 41 ()〕〔The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. James Evans. Oxford University Press, 1 October 1998 – History – 496 pages. Page 393 ()〕 and through the early centuries of the Common Era, for example by the Yavanajataka〔 and the Romaka Siddhanta, a Sanskrit translation of a Greek text disseminated from the 2nd century.〔Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture (c. 326 B.C. to C. 300 A.D.). Satyendra Nath Naskar. Abhinav Publications, 1 January 1996 – History – 253 pages. Pages 56–57 ()〕 Indian astronomy flowered in the 5th-6th century, with Aryabhata, whose ''Aryabhatiya'' represented the pinnacle of astronomical knowledge at the time. Later the Indian astronomy significantly influenced Muslim astronomy, Chinese astronomy, European astronomy,〔"Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography", p. 17, by Nick Kanas, 2012〕 and others. Other astronomers of the classical era who further elaborated on Aryabhata's work include Brahmagupta, Varahamihira and Lalla. An identifiable native Indian astronomical tradition remained active throughout the medieval period and into the 16th or 17th century, especially within the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. ==History== Some of the earliest forms of astronomy can be dated to the period of Indus Valley Civilization or earlier.〔〔 Some cosmological concepts are present in the Vedas, as are notions of the movement of heavenly bodies and the course of the year.〔 As in other traditions, there is a close association of astronomy and religion during the early history of the science, astronomical observation being necessitated by spacial and temporal requirements of correct performance of religious ritual. Thus, the Shulba Sutras, texts dedicated to altar construction, discusses advanced mathematics and basic astronomy.〔 Vedanga Jyotisha is another one of the earliest known Indian text on astronomy, it includes the details about the sun, moon, nakshatras, lunisolar calendar and others.〔Ōhashi (1993)〕 Greek astronomical ideas began to enter India in the 4th century BCE following the conquests of Alexander the Great.〔〔〔〔 By the early centuries of the Common Era, Indo-Greek influence on the astronomical tradition is visible, with texts such as the Yavanajataka〔 and Romaka Siddhanta.〔 Later astronomers mention the existence of various siddhantas during this period, among them a text known as the ''Surya Siddhanta''. But these weren't fixed texts but rather an oral tradition of knowledge, and their content is not extant. The text today known as Surya Siddhanta dates to the Gupta period and was received by Aryabhata. The classical era of Indian astronomy begins in the late Gupta era, in the 5th to 6th centuries. The ''Pañcasiddhāntikā'' (Varahimira, 505 CE) approximates the method for determination of the meridian direction from any three positions of the shadow using Gnomon.〔 By the time of Aryabhata the motion of planets was treated to be elliptical rather than circular.〔Hayashi (2008), ''Aryabhata I''〕 Other topics included definitions of different units of time, eccentric models of planetary motion, epicyclic models of planetary motion, and planetary longitude corrections for various terrestrial locations.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indian astronomy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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